Leviticus 25: The Sabbath Year and the Year of Jubilee
And the Lord spake unto Moses in mount Sinai, saying,
Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye come into the land which I give you, then shall the land keep a sabbath unto the Lord.
Six years thou shalt sow thy field, and six years thou shalt prune thy vineyard, and gather in the fruit thereof;
But in the seventh year shall be a sabbath of rest unto the land, a sabbath for the Lord: thou shalt neither sow thy field, nor prune thy vineyard.
That which groweth of its own accord of thy harvest thou shalt not reap, neither gather the grapes of thy vine undressed: for it is a year of rest unto the land.
And the sabbath of the land shall be meat for you; for thee, and for thy servant, and for thy maid, and for thy hired servant, and for thy stranger that sojourneth with thee,
And for thy cattle, and for the beast that are in thy land, shall all the increase thereof be meat.
And thou shalt number seven sabbaths of years unto thee, seven times seven years; and the space of the seven sabbaths of years shall be unto thee forty and nine years.
Then shalt thou cause the trumpet of the jubile to sound on the tenth day of the seventh month, in the day of atonement shall ye make the trumpet sound throughout all your land.
And ye shall hallow the fiftieth year, and proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof: it shall be a jubile unto you; and ye shall return every man unto his possession, and ye shall return every man unto his family.
A jubile shall that fiftieth year be unto you: ye shall not sow, neither reap that which groweth of itself in it, nor gather the grapes in it of thy vine undressed.
For it is the jubile; it shall be holy unto you: ye shall eat the increase thereof out of the field.
In the year of this jubile ye shall return every man unto his possession.
And if thou sell ought unto thy neighbour, or buyest ought of thy neighbour’s hand, ye shall not oppress one another:
According to the number of years after the jubile thou shalt buy of thy neighbour, and according unto the number of years of the fruits he shall sell unto thee:
According to the multitude of years thou shalt increase the price thereof, and according to the fewness of years thou shalt diminish the price of it: for according to the number of the years of the fruits doth he sell unto thee.
Ye shall not therefore oppress one another; but thou shalt fear thy God: for I am the Lord your God.
Wherefore ye shall do my statutes, and keep my judgments, and do them; and ye shall dwell in the land in safety.
And the land shall yield her fruit, and ye shall eat your fill, and dwell therein in safety.
And if ye shall say, What shall we eat the seventh year? behold, we shall not sow, nor gather in our increase:
Then I will command my blessing upon you in the sixth year, and it shall bring forth fruit for three years.
And ye shall sow the eighth year, and eat yet of old fruit until the ninth year; until her fruits come in ye shall eat of the old store.
The land shall not be sold for ever: for the land is mine; for ye are strangers and sojourners with me.
And in all the land of your possession ye shall grant a redemption for the land.
If thy brother be waxen poor, and hath sold away some of his possession, and if any of his kin come to redeem it, then shall he redeem that which his brother sold.
And if the man have none to redeem it, and himself be able to redeem it;
Then let him count the years of the sale thereof, and restore the overplus unto the man to whom he sold it; that he may return unto his possession.
But if he be not able to restore it to him, then that which is sold shall remain in the hand of him that hath bought it until the year of jubile: and in the jubile it shall go out, and he shall return unto his possession.
And if a man sell a dwelling house in a walled city, then he may redeem it within a whole year after it is sold; within a full year may he redeem it.
And if it be not redeemed within the space of a full year, then the house that is in the walled city shall be established for ever to him that bought it throughout his generations: it shall not go out in the jubile.
But the houses of the villages which have no wall round about them shall be counted as the fields of the country: they may be redeemed, and they shall go out in the jubile.
Notwithstanding the cities of the Levites, and the houses of the cities of their possession, may the Levites redeem at any time.
And if a man purchase of the Levites, then the house that was sold, and the city of his possession, shall go out in the year of jubile: for the houses of the cities of the Levites are their possession among the children of Israel.
But the field of the suburbs of their cities may not be sold; for it is their perpetual possession.
And if thy brother be waxen poor, and fallen in decay with thee; then thou shalt relieve him: yea, though he be a stranger, or a sojourner; that he may live with thee.
Take thou no usury of him, or increase: but fear thy God; that thy brother may live with thee.
Thou shalt not give him thy money upon usury, nor lend him thy victuals for increase.
I am the Lord your God, which brought you forth out of the land of Egypt, to give you the land of Canaan, and to be your God.
And if thy brother that dwelleth by thee be waxen poor, and be sold unto thee; thou shalt not compel him to serve as a bondservant:
But as an hired servant, and as a sojourner, he shall be with thee, and shall serve thee unto the year of jubile:
And then shall he depart from thee, both he and his children with him, and shall return unto his own family, and unto the possession of his fathers shall he return.
For they are my servants, which I brought forth out of the land of Egypt: they shall not be sold as bondmen.
Thou shalt not rule over him with rigour; but shalt fear thy God.
Both thy bondmen, and thy bondmaids, which thou shalt have, shall be of the heathen that are round about you; of them shall ye buy bondmen and bondmaids.
Moreover of the children of the strangers that do sojourn among you, of them shall ye buy, and of their families that are with you, which they begat in your land: and they shall be your possession.
And ye shall take them as an inheritance for your children after you, to inherit them for a possession; they shall be your bondmen for ever: but over your brethren the children of Israel, ye shall not rule one over another with rigour.
And if a sojourner or stranger wax rich by thee, and thy brother that dwelleth by him wax poor, and sell himself unto the stranger or sojourner by thee, or to the stock of the stranger’s family:
After that he is sold he may be redeemed again; one of his brethren may redeem him:
Either his uncle, or his uncle’s son, may redeem him, or any that is nigh of kin unto him of his family may redeem him; or if he be able, he may redeem himself.
And he shall reckon with him that bought him from the year that he was sold to him unto the year of jubile: and the price of his sale shall be according unto the number of years, according to the time of an hired servant shall it be with him.
If there be yet many years behind, according unto them he shall give again the price of his redemption out of the money that he was bought for.
And if there remain but few years unto the year of jubile, then he shall count with him, and according unto his years shall he give him again the price of his redemption.
And as a yearly hired servant shall he be with him: and the other shall not rule with rigour over him in thy sight.
And if he be not redeemed in these years, then he shall go out in the year of jubile, both he, and his children with him.
For unto me the children of Israel are servants; they are my servants whom I brought forth out of the land of Egypt: I am the Lord your God.
Leviticus 25 focuses on two special periods in Israel's calendar: the Sabbath year and the Year of Jubilee. These observances highlight God's ownership of the land and His people, emphasizing their dependence on Him and promoting social justice. This chapter shifts our focus to the practical implications of covenant living, revealing God's heart for both the land and the vulnerable within Israelite society.
The Sabbath Year (Leviticus 25:1-7)
The Sabbath year was to be observed every seventh year once the Israelites settled in Canaan and began cultivating the land. For six years, they could plant, harvest, and manage their vineyards. However, the seventh year was to be a Sabbath of complete rest for the land. They were not to sow their fields or prune their vineyards (Leviticus 25:4). This meant a complete cessation of agricultural activity, allowing the land to recover and replenish its nutrients. The land itself enjoyed a Sabbath rest, mirroring the Sabbath rest God commanded for His people every seventh day.
At first glance, skipping a harvest for an entire year seems risky, especially for an agricultural society. However, it served as a constant reminder to the Israelites that they were utterly dependent on God for everything. It was an act of faith, trusting that God would provide even when they weren't actively working the land.
Tragically, Israel often neglected the Sabbath year. Over time, they disregarded God's command for 490 years – seventy Sabbath years! God kept count of this disobedience. As a consequence, He sent them into exile in Babylon for seventy years, one year for each Sabbath year they had violated (see Leviticus 26:33-35; 2 Chronicles 36:20-21). God's message was clear: if His people wouldn't give the land its rest, He would ensure it received its due, serving as an unforgettable reminder that the land, and everything in it, ultimately belongs to God.
The Year of Jubilee (Leviticus 25:8-12)
The Year of Jubilee occurred every fiftieth year, following seven cycles of Sabbath years (seven times seven years). This year was to be consecrated, and freedom was to be proclaimed throughout the land for all its inhabitants (Leviticus 25:8-10). All those in servitude were set free, and property reverted to its original owners.
The Jubilee year began on the Day of Atonement (Leviticus 25:9; see Leviticus 16:1-34; 23:26-32), a day dedicated to atoning for the sins of the nation. This is significant. Before the blessings of Jubilee—God's involvement in their economy, society, and politics—could be enjoyed, their sins had to be addressed through the shedding of blood in sacrifice. Spiritual reconciliation with God had to come first.
This principle holds true today. Many people desire God's blessings without acknowledging their need for atonement or recognizing their sin. They cry out for justice, provision, or vindication, yet neglect the very thing that ushers in God's favor: addressing personal and corporate sin. God's wrath against sin must be appeased before we can fully experience His blessings. This comes through a relationship with Jesus Christ. We cannot have the benefits of the Messiah without embracing the Messiah Himself. Deliverance from our problems comes through the King who delivers.
Land Redemption and the Purpose of Jubilee (Leviticus 25:13-34)
A key feature of the Jubilee was the return of all property in Israel to its original owners (Leviticus 25:14-17), with the exception of property in walled cities (Leviticus 25:29-30). This was based on the fundamental principle that "The land must not be sold permanently, because the land is mine; you are but aliens and my tenants" (Leviticus 25:23).
Circumstances could force Israelites to sell their land or themselves into servitude due to poverty. However, because they and their land ultimately belonged to God, such sales were considered temporary. The buyer wasn't completely disadvantaged, as the price paid was based on the number of years remaining until the next Jubilee, essentially compensating them for the crops the land would produce during that time (Leviticus 25:14-17).
Knowing the land was to enjoy a second consecutive year of rest (following the Sabbath year preceding the Jubilee), the people might have worried about food scarcity (Leviticus 25:20). God reassured them that obedience would bring blessing. He promised to "send you such abundance in the sixth year that the land will produce enough for three years" (Leviticus 25:21-22). This was a direct test of their faith and obedience.
God mandated that no one could refuse the redemption of land during Jubilee. "Throughout the country that you hold as a possession, you must provide for the redemption of the land" (Leviticus 25:24). God emphasized that they held the land as a possession, not as owners. They were temporary residents on His land (Leviticus 25:23).
What if an Israelite was too poor to redeem his land? He could turn to his nearest relative for help (Leviticus 25:25). If that wasn't possible, he had to wait until the Year of Jubilee to reclaim his land (Leviticus 25:28).
Redemption of Persons and the Heart of God (Leviticus 25:35-55)
The Jubilee regulations also addressed the plight of impoverished Israelites who had sold themselves into indentured servitude to pay off debts (Leviticus 25:35-43). The poor were to be treated with respect and hospitality, never exploited or charged interest. If an Israelite sold himself into service, he was to be treated as a hired worker or temporary resident, not as a slave (Leviticus 25:39-40). This was a temporary condition, reversed during the Year of Jubilee, when the indentured person and his family were released to return to their clan and ancestral property (Leviticus 25:41).
Israelites were not to be sold as slaves because they were God's servants, redeemed from slavery in Egypt (Leviticus 25:42). Foreigners purchased by Israelites were not eligible for release during the Year of Jubilee (Leviticus 25:44-46). They could be held for life and even passed on to future generations as inheritance. While this may seem harsh by modern standards, it's important to remember that in the ancient Near East, becoming a slave was sometimes the only way to survive, especially for refugees. In contrast to other nations, Israel was required to grant protection and justice to slaves (see Exodus 21:20-21, 26-27; Deuteronomy 23:15-16).
The chapter concludes with the case of an Israelite who became poor and sold himself to a resident alien or temporary resident (Leviticus 25:47). The same rules of release applied: a relative could redeem him, or he could redeem himself if he prospered. If neither was possible, he was set free during the Year of Jubilee. "For the Israelites are my servants, whom I brought out of Egypt," God declared. "They must not be sold as slaves. I am the LORD your God" (Leviticus 25:55). Just as the land was God's, so were the people.
The principles of Jubilee regarding servitude, redemption, and freedom hold profound meaning for believers today. We are God's possession, bought back from slavery to sin by the blood of Jesus Christ. We are free from sin and death, yet we are called to be servants of God, living out our freedom in obedience and love. The spirit of Jubilee calls us to act justly, care for the vulnerable, and trust in God's provision in every area of our lives.
And the Lord spake unto Moses in mount Sinai, saying,
Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye come into the land which I give you, then shall the land keep a sabbath unto the Lord.
Six years thou shalt sow thy field, and six years thou shalt prune thy vineyard, and gather in the fruit thereof;
But in the seventh year shall be a sabbath of rest unto the land, a sabbath for the Lord: thou shalt neither sow thy field, nor prune thy vineyard.
That which groweth of its own accord of thy harvest thou shalt not reap, neither gather the grapes of thy vine undressed: for it is a year of rest unto the land.
And the sabbath of the land shall be meat for you; for thee, and for thy servant, and for thy maid, and for thy hired servant, and for thy stranger that sojourneth with thee,
And for thy cattle, and for the beast that are in thy land, shall all the increase thereof be meat.
And thou shalt number seven sabbaths of years unto thee, seven times seven years; and the space of the seven sabbaths of years shall be unto thee forty and nine years.
Then shalt thou cause the trumpet of the jubile to sound on the tenth day of the seventh month, in the day of atonement shall ye make the trumpet sound throughout all your land.
And ye shall hallow the fiftieth year, and proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof: it shall be a jubile unto you; and ye shall return every man unto his possession, and ye shall return every man unto his family.
A jubile shall that fiftieth year be unto you: ye shall not sow, neither reap that which groweth of itself in it, nor gather the grapes in it of thy vine undressed.
For it is the jubile; it shall be holy unto you: ye shall eat the increase thereof out of the field.
In the year of this jubile ye shall return every man unto his possession.
And if thou sell ought unto thy neighbour, or buyest ought of thy neighbour’s hand, ye shall not oppress one another:
According to the number of years after the jubile thou shalt buy of thy neighbour, and according unto the number of years of the fruits he shall sell unto thee:
According to the multitude of years thou shalt increase the price thereof, and according to the fewness of years thou shalt diminish the price of it: for according to the number of the years of the fruits doth he sell unto thee.
Ye shall not therefore oppress one another; but thou shalt fear thy God: for I am the Lord your God.
Wherefore ye shall do my statutes, and keep my judgments, and do them; and ye shall dwell in the land in safety.
And the land shall yield her fruit, and ye shall eat your fill, and dwell therein in safety.
And if ye shall say, What shall we eat the seventh year? behold, we shall not sow, nor gather in our increase:
Then I will command my blessing upon you in the sixth year, and it shall bring forth fruit for three years.
And ye shall sow the eighth year, and eat yet of old fruit until the ninth year; until her fruits come in ye shall eat of the old store.
The land shall not be sold for ever: for the land is mine; for ye are strangers and sojourners with me.
And in all the land of your possession ye shall grant a redemption for the land.
If thy brother be waxen poor, and hath sold away some of his possession, and if any of his kin come to redeem it, then shall he redeem that which his brother sold.
And if the man have none to redeem it, and himself be able to redeem it;
Then let him count the years of the sale thereof, and restore the overplus unto the man to whom he sold it; that he may return unto his possession.
But if he be not able to restore it to him, then that which is sold shall remain in the hand of him that hath bought it until the year of jubile: and in the jubile it shall go out, and he shall return unto his possession.
And if a man sell a dwelling house in a walled city, then he may redeem it within a whole year after it is sold; within a full year may he redeem it.
And if it be not redeemed within the space of a full year, then the house that is in the walled city shall be established for ever to him that bought it throughout his generations: it shall not go out in the jubile.
But the houses of the villages which have no wall round about them shall be counted as the fields of the country: they may be redeemed, and they shall go out in the jubile.
Notwithstanding the cities of the Levites, and the houses of the cities of their possession, may the Levites redeem at any time.
And if a man purchase of the Levites, then the house that was sold, and the city of his possession, shall go out in the year of jubile: for the houses of the cities of the Levites are their possession among the children of Israel.
But the field of the suburbs of their cities may not be sold; for it is their perpetual possession.
And if thy brother be waxen poor, and fallen in decay with thee; then thou shalt relieve him: yea, though he be a stranger, or a sojourner; that he may live with thee.
Take thou no usury of him, or increase: but fear thy God; that thy brother may live with thee.
Thou shalt not give him thy money upon usury, nor lend him thy victuals for increase.
I am the Lord your God, which brought you forth out of the land of Egypt, to give you the land of Canaan, and to be your God.
And if thy brother that dwelleth by thee be waxen poor, and be sold unto thee; thou shalt not compel him to serve as a bondservant:
But as an hired servant, and as a sojourner, he shall be with thee, and shall serve thee unto the year of jubile:
And then shall he depart from thee, both he and his children with him, and shall return unto his own family, and unto the possession of his fathers shall he return.
For they are my servants, which I brought forth out of the land of Egypt: they shall not be sold as bondmen.
Thou shalt not rule over him with rigour; but shalt fear thy God.
Both thy bondmen, and thy bondmaids, which thou shalt have, shall be of the heathen that are round about you; of them shall ye buy bondmen and bondmaids.
Moreover of the children of the strangers that do sojourn among you, of them shall ye buy, and of their families that are with you, which they begat in your land: and they shall be your possession.
And ye shall take them as an inheritance for your children after you, to inherit them for a possession; they shall be your bondmen for ever: but over your brethren the children of Israel, ye shall not rule one over another with rigour.
And if a sojourner or stranger wax rich by thee, and thy brother that dwelleth by him wax poor, and sell himself unto the stranger or sojourner by thee, or to the stock of the stranger’s family:
After that he is sold he may be redeemed again; one of his brethren may redeem him:
Either his uncle, or his uncle’s son, may redeem him, or any that is nigh of kin unto him of his family may redeem him; or if he be able, he may redeem himself.
And he shall reckon with him that bought him from the year that he was sold to him unto the year of jubile: and the price of his sale shall be according unto the number of years, according to the time of an hired servant shall it be with him.
If there be yet many years behind, according unto them he shall give again the price of his redemption out of the money that he was bought for.
And if there remain but few years unto the year of jubile, then he shall count with him, and according unto his years shall he give him again the price of his redemption.
And as a yearly hired servant shall he be with him: and the other shall not rule with rigour over him in thy sight.
And if he be not redeemed in these years, then he shall go out in the year of jubile, both he, and his children with him.
For unto me the children of Israel are servants; they are my servants whom I brought forth out of the land of Egypt: I am the Lord your God.
Leviticus 25 focuses on two special periods in Israel's calendar: the Sabbath year and the Year of Jubilee. These observances highlight God's ownership of the land and His people, emphasizing their dependence on Him and promoting social justice. This chapter shifts our focus to the practical implications of covenant living, revealing God's heart for both the land and the vulnerable within Israelite society.
The Sabbath Year (Leviticus 25:1-7)
The Sabbath year was to be observed every seventh year once the Israelites settled in Canaan and began cultivating the land. For six years, they could plant, harvest, and manage their vineyards. However, the seventh year was to be a Sabbath of complete rest for the land. They were not to sow their fields or prune their vineyards (Leviticus 25:4). This meant a complete cessation of agricultural activity, allowing the land to recover and replenish its nutrients. The land itself enjoyed a Sabbath rest, mirroring the Sabbath rest God commanded for His people every seventh day.
At first glance, skipping a harvest for an entire year seems risky, especially for an agricultural society. However, it served as a constant reminder to the Israelites that they were utterly dependent on God for everything. It was an act of faith, trusting that God would provide even when they weren't actively working the land.
Tragically, Israel often neglected the Sabbath year. Over time, they disregarded God's command for 490 years – seventy Sabbath years! God kept count of this disobedience. As a consequence, He sent them into exile in Babylon for seventy years, one year for each Sabbath year they had violated (see Leviticus 26:33-35; 2 Chronicles 36:20-21). God's message was clear: if His people wouldn't give the land its rest, He would ensure it received its due, serving as an unforgettable reminder that the land, and everything in it, ultimately belongs to God.
The Year of Jubilee (Leviticus 25:8-12)
The Year of Jubilee occurred every fiftieth year, following seven cycles of Sabbath years (seven times seven years). This year was to be consecrated, and freedom was to be proclaimed throughout the land for all its inhabitants (Leviticus 25:8-10). All those in servitude were set free, and property reverted to its original owners.
The Jubilee year began on the Day of Atonement (Leviticus 25:9; see Leviticus 16:1-34; 23:26-32), a day dedicated to atoning for the sins of the nation. This is significant. Before the blessings of Jubilee—God's involvement in their economy, society, and politics—could be enjoyed, their sins had to be addressed through the shedding of blood in sacrifice. Spiritual reconciliation with God had to come first.
This principle holds true today. Many people desire God's blessings without acknowledging their need for atonement or recognizing their sin. They cry out for justice, provision, or vindication, yet neglect the very thing that ushers in God's favor: addressing personal and corporate sin. God's wrath against sin must be appeased before we can fully experience His blessings. This comes through a relationship with Jesus Christ. We cannot have the benefits of the Messiah without embracing the Messiah Himself. Deliverance from our problems comes through the King who delivers.
Land Redemption and the Purpose of Jubilee (Leviticus 25:13-34)
A key feature of the Jubilee was the return of all property in Israel to its original owners (Leviticus 25:14-17), with the exception of property in walled cities (Leviticus 25:29-30). This was based on the fundamental principle that "The land must not be sold permanently, because the land is mine; you are but aliens and my tenants" (Leviticus 25:23).
Circumstances could force Israelites to sell their land or themselves into servitude due to poverty. However, because they and their land ultimately belonged to God, such sales were considered temporary. The buyer wasn't completely disadvantaged, as the price paid was based on the number of years remaining until the next Jubilee, essentially compensating them for the crops the land would produce during that time (Leviticus 25:14-17).
Knowing the land was to enjoy a second consecutive year of rest (following the Sabbath year preceding the Jubilee), the people might have worried about food scarcity (Leviticus 25:20). God reassured them that obedience would bring blessing. He promised to "send you such abundance in the sixth year that the land will produce enough for three years" (Leviticus 25:21-22). This was a direct test of their faith and obedience.
God mandated that no one could refuse the redemption of land during Jubilee. "Throughout the country that you hold as a possession, you must provide for the redemption of the land" (Leviticus 25:24). God emphasized that they held the land as a possession, not as owners. They were temporary residents on His land (Leviticus 25:23).
What if an Israelite was too poor to redeem his land? He could turn to his nearest relative for help (Leviticus 25:25). If that wasn't possible, he had to wait until the Year of Jubilee to reclaim his land (Leviticus 25:28).
Redemption of Persons and the Heart of God (Leviticus 25:35-55)
The Jubilee regulations also addressed the plight of impoverished Israelites who had sold themselves into indentured servitude to pay off debts (Leviticus 25:35-43). The poor were to be treated with respect and hospitality, never exploited or charged interest. If an Israelite sold himself into service, he was to be treated as a hired worker or temporary resident, not as a slave (Leviticus 25:39-40). This was a temporary condition, reversed during the Year of Jubilee, when the indentured person and his family were released to return to their clan and ancestral property (Leviticus 25:41).
Israelites were not to be sold as slaves because they were God's servants, redeemed from slavery in Egypt (Leviticus 25:42). Foreigners purchased by Israelites were not eligible for release during the Year of Jubilee (Leviticus 25:44-46). They could be held for life and even passed on to future generations as inheritance. While this may seem harsh by modern standards, it's important to remember that in the ancient Near East, becoming a slave was sometimes the only way to survive, especially for refugees. In contrast to other nations, Israel was required to grant protection and justice to slaves (see Exodus 21:20-21, 26-27; Deuteronomy 23:15-16).
The chapter concludes with the case of an Israelite who became poor and sold himself to a resident alien or temporary resident (Leviticus 25:47). The same rules of release applied: a relative could redeem him, or he could redeem himself if he prospered. If neither was possible, he was set free during the Year of Jubilee. "For the Israelites are my servants, whom I brought out of Egypt," God declared. "They must not be sold as slaves. I am the LORD your God" (Leviticus 25:55). Just as the land was God's, so were the people.
The principles of Jubilee regarding servitude, redemption, and freedom hold profound meaning for believers today. We are God's possession, bought back from slavery to sin by the blood of Jesus Christ. We are free from sin and death, yet we are called to be servants of God, living out our freedom in obedience and love. The spirit of Jubilee calls us to act justly, care for the vulnerable, and trust in God's provision in every area of our lives.