Revelation 2: An In-Depth Commentary on Messages to Four Churches
Unto the angel of the church of Ephesus write; These things saith he that holdeth the seven stars in his right hand, who walketh in the midst of the seven golden candlesticks;
I know thy works, and thy labour, and thy patience, and how thou canst not bear them which are evil: and thou hast tried them which say they are apostles, and are not, and hast found them liars:
And hast borne, and hast patience, and for my name’s sake hast laboured, and hast not fainted.
Nevertheless I have somewhat against thee, because thou hast left thy first love.
Remember therefore from whence thou art fallen, and repent, and do the first works; or else I will come unto thee quickly, and will remove thy candlestick out of his place, except thou repent.
But this thou hast, that thou hatest the deeds of the Nicolaitans, which I also hate.
He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches; To him that overcometh will I give to eat of the tree of life, which is in the midst of the paradise of God.
And unto the angel of the church in Smyrna write; These things saith the first and the last, which was dead, and is alive;
I know thy works, and tribulation, and poverty, (but thou art rich) and I know the blasphemy of them which say they are Jews, and are not, but are the synagogue of Satan.
Fear none of those things which thou shalt suffer: behold, the devil shall cast some of you into prison, that ye may be tried; and ye shall have tribulation ten days: be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life.
He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches; He that overcometh shall not be hurt of the second death.
And to the angel of the church in Pergamos write; These things saith he which hath the sharp sword with two edges;
I know thy works, and where thou dwellest, even where Satan’s seat is: and thou holdest fast my name, and hast not denied my faith, even in those days wherein Antipas was my faithful martyr, who was slain among you, where Satan dwelleth.
But I have a few things against thee, because thou hast there them that hold the doctrine of Balaam, who taught Balac to cast a stumblingblock before the children of Israel, to eat things sacrificed unto idols, and to commit fornication.
So hast thou also them that hold the doctrine of the Nicolaitans, which thing I hate.
Repent; or else I will come unto thee quickly, and will fight against them with the sword of my mouth.
He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches; To him that overcometh will I give to eat of the hidden manna, and will give him a white stone, and in the stone a new name written, which no man knoweth saving he that receiveth it.
And unto the angel of the church in Thyatira write; These things saith the Son of God, who hath his eyes like unto a flame of fire, and his feet are like fine brass;
I know thy works, and charity, and service, and faith, and thy patience, and thy works; and the last to be more than the first.
Notwithstanding I have a few things against thee, because thou sufferest that woman Jezebel, which calleth herself a prophetess, to teach and to seduce my servants to commit fornication, and to eat things sacrificed unto idols.
And I gave her space to repent of her fornication; and she repented not.
Behold, I will cast her into a bed, and them that commit adultery with her into great tribulation, except they repent of their deeds.
And I will kill her children with death; and all the churches shall know that I am he which searcheth the reins and hearts: and I will give unto every one of you according to your works.
But unto you I say, and unto the rest in Thyatira, as many as have not this doctrine, and which have not known the depths of Satan, as they speak; I will put upon you none other burden.
But that which ye have already hold fast till I come.
And he that overcometh, and keepeth my works unto the end, to him will I give power over the nations:
And he shall rule them with a rod of iron; as the vessels of a potter shall they be broken to shivers: even as I received of my Father.
And I will give him the morning star.
He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches.
Revelation 2 is a pivotal chapter in the Book of Revelation, featuring the first part of Jesus' messages to seven churches in Asia Minor. These messages, dictated to John, offer a unique glimpse into the spiritual state of these early Christian communities. Each church receives a personalized assessment, complete with commendations, criticisms, warnings, and promises. Through these messages, we gain insights into the challenges faced by believers in the first century and learn timeless principles that remain relevant for churches and individual Christians today.
Context: Seven Churches, Seven Messages
Following the introduction in Revelation 1, where John receives his commission from the resurrected Christ to record what he sees and hears, Revelation 2 begins delivering on that commission. The messages are addressed to the "angel" (messenger or pastor) of each church, but their content is intended for the entire congregation. These letters provide a snapshot of the unique circumstances, strengths, and weaknesses of each church. The remaining three churches will be addressed in Revelation 3, and the rest of Revelation will explain future events connected to the ''end times.''
A. Letter to the Church in Ephesus (2:1-7)
2:1 Jesus reminds the pastor (angelos, “messenger”; see 1:20) of the church in Ephesus that he holds pastors in his right hand and walks among churches. Jesus knows what’s going on.
The church in Ephesus, a prominent city in Asia Minor, was known for its dedication to sound doctrine and its tireless efforts. Jesus commends them, saying, "I know your works, your labor, and your patience, and that you cannot bear those who are evil" (Revelation 2:2). They diligently tested those who claimed to be apostles and exposed their falsehoods. The Ephesians also demonstrated perseverance amidst hardships, enduring for Christ's name. They even hated the practices of the Nicolaitans, a sect whose teachings were deemed harmful.
2:2-3 Because of this, he could say, I know your works, your labor, and your endurance. He also knew they did not tolerate evil people (2:2). They tested everything by the Scriptures and rightly found that some so-called apostles did not teach pure doctrine. Moreover, the Ephesian believers persevered amid hardships for the sake of Christ’s name (2:3). There were a lot of positive things happening in this church.
However, despite their commendable qualities, the Ephesian church had a significant flaw: they had abandoned their first love (Revelation 2:4). They had correct doctrine, but not a correct heart. The key word here is first, not love. As with romantic love between a man and a woman, first love always involves passion. Yet there was not passionate pursuit of an intimate relationship with Christ in the church. Their zeal and passion for Christ had waned, and their service had become a matter of duty rather than devotion. They were merely following a program. Duty had replaced devotion.
2:4 But Jesus shifts from patting them on the back to rebuke: You have abandoned the love you had at first.
Jesus calls them to remember from where they have fallen, repent, and return to their first works (Revelation 2:5). The remedy was to remember how it used to be when the church was excited about Jesus and return to that attitude. If they fail to repent, Christ warns that He will remove their lampstand, signifying the loss of their witness and influence. If our church’s activity is about us rather than about Jesus, he’ll remove his presence from it. The Ephesians hated the practices of evil people, but that positive did not outweigh their loss of passion for Christ (2:6). They needed to remember the primacy of relationship over performance, to repent of their spiritual departure, and to repeat prioritizing intimate fellowship with God (see Luke 10:38-42).
2:5-6 The remedy was to remember how it used to be when the church was excited about Jesus and return to that attitude. If the church failed to repent, Christ would remove its lampstand (2:5)—that is, put out its light. If our church’s activity is about us rather than about Jesus, he’ll remove his presence from it. The Ephesians hated the practices of evil people, but that positive did not outweigh their loss of passion for Christ (2:6). They needed to remember the primacy of relationship over performance, to repent of their spiritual departure, and to repeat prioritizing intimate fellowship with God (see Luke 10:38-42).
To those who overcome, Jesus promises to grant them to eat from the tree of life, which is in the midst of the Paradise of God (Revelation 2:7). At the end of each letter, Jesus gets personal, directing his remarks to individuals in the church rather than the church as a collective. In each case, he addresses individual believers with the words “to the one who conquers” (2:7, 11, 17, 26; 3:5, 12, 21). The Greek verb translated as “conquers” is nikaō, and it means to be victorious in the midst of, over, in, or through whatever circumstances are illegitimately holding a believer hostage. In 1 John 5:5 we read, “Who is the one who conquers the world but the one who believes that Jesus is the Son of God?” If by believing in Jesus we are conquerors, then why in these letters to the churches are we still exhorted to conquer? Well, John is addressing the contrast between our legal status (our declared position in Christ) and our experiential reality. We must work out this position of being a conqueror in the experiences of our everyday lives in order to have special intimacy with Christ in the kingdom.
2:7 At the end of each letter, Jesus gets personal, directing his remarks to individuals in the church rather than the church as a collective. In each case, he addresses individual believers with the words “to the one who conquers” (2:7, 11, 17, 26; 3:5, 12, 21). The Greek verb translated as “conquers” is nikaō, and it means to be victorious in the midst of, over, in, or through whatever circumstances are illegitimately holding a believer hostage. In 1 John 5:5 we read, “Who is the one who conquers the world but the one who believes that Jesus is the Son of God?” If by believing in Jesus we are conquerors, then why in these letters to the churches are we still exhorted to conquer? Well, John is addressing the contrast between our legal status (our declared position in Christ) and our experiential reality. We must work out this position of being a conqueror in the experiences of our everyday lives in order to have special intimacy with Christ in the kingdom.
In this message to the Christians at Ephesus, Christ appeals to anyone who has ears, referring to the person who heeds this spiritual principle being articulated. The one who conquers the temptation to push Christ to second place will be granted to eat from the tree of life in the paradise of God. The tree of life was a special tree in the garden of Eden (see Genesis 2:9), and here it represents a special level of intimacy with God in heaven. All believers will go to heaven, but those who do not lose passion for Christ in this life will experience a special place of intimacy with the Lord.
B. Letter to the Church in Smyrna (2:8-11)
2:8-10 Christ acknowledges that the church in Smyrna is a faithful congregation undergoing persecution. Some who claimed to be Jews were actually a synagogue of Satan because they were doing the devil’s work, slandering believers (2:8-9). Christians at Smyrna would be thrown into prison as a test of their faith, and the church would be afflicted (2:10). While such circumstances might make them feel poor, they actually were rich due to the coming reward for their spiritual endurance (2:10). To those who refuse to compromise when faced with persecution, there is no condemnation. That’s why Jesus says nothing negative about this church.
The church in Smyrna faced intense persecution and poverty. Jesus acknowledges their suffering, stating, "I know your works, tribulation, and poverty (but you are rich)" (Revelation 2:9). He reveals that their tribulation would continue, and some would be imprisoned. He identifies their oppressors as those who say they are Jews and are not, but are a synagogue of Satan.
Despite their hardships, Jesus encourages them not to fear what they are about to suffer. He urges them to be faithful until death, promising a crown of life to those who remain steadfast. To those who refuse to compromise when faced with persecution, there is no condemnation. That’s why Jesus says nothing negative about this church.
2:11 To never be harmed by the second death refers to enjoying a sense of full gain when Christ separates believers from unbelievers at the end of history. Because the recipients of this letter were already Christians, they could not be separated from God. Yet at the final judgment, some Christians will experience a sense of loss, despite their eternal salvation, when Jesus rebukes their unfaithfulness (see Matthew 25:28-30; 1 Corinthians 3:15). The faithful at Smyrna, in contrast, would be untouched by any negative consequence on that day.
The promise to the overcomer is that they will not be hurt by the second death (Revelation 2:11), referring to eternal separation from God. To never be harmed by the second death refers to enjoying a sense of full gain when Christ separates believers from unbelievers at the end of history. Because the recipients of this letter were already Christians, they could not be separated from God. Yet at the final judgment, some Christians will experience a sense of loss, despite their eternal salvation, when Jesus rebukes their unfaithfulness (see Matthew 25:28-30; 1 Corinthians 3:15). The faithful at Smyrna, in contrast, would be untouched by any negative consequence on that day.
C. Letter to the Church in Pergamum (2:12-17)
2:12-16 The one who has the sharp, double-edged sword is Jesus speaking the Word of God. The church in Pergamum had some good things going. They were holding on to Jesus’s name and did not deny [their] faith in him (2:12-13). Yet they tolerated those who, like Balaam in the Old Testament, claimed God’s name (see Numbers 22–24) while also enticing his people to compromise (Numbers 25:1; 31:16). It’s a big deal to God when we cause other people to stumble, especially when we do it knowingly and for profit like Balaam (2:14-15). That’s why the Lord demanded that the Christians in Pergamum repent (2:16).
Pergamum, known for its pagan temples and imperial cult, presented a challenging environment for Christians. Jesus acknowledges that they dwell "where Satan's throne is" (Revelation 2:13), praising them for holding fast to His name and not denying their faith, even in the face of martyrdom. The one who has the sharp, double-edged sword is Jesus speaking the Word of God. The church in Pergamum had some good things going. They were holding on to Jesus’s name and did not deny [their] faith in him (2:12-13).
However, Jesus rebukes them for tolerating those who hold to the doctrine of Balaam, who taught Balak to put a stumbling block before the children of Israel, to eat things sacrificed to idols, and to commit sexual immorality (Revelation 2:14). They also tolerated those who held to the doctrine of the Nicolaitans. Yet they tolerated those who, like Balaam in the Old Testament, claimed God’s name (see Numbers 22–24) while also enticing his people to compromise (Numbers 25:1; 31:16). It’s a big deal to God when we cause other people to stumble, especially when we do it knowingly and for profit like Balaam (2:14-15). That’s why the Lord demanded that the Christians in Pergamum repent (2:16).
Jesus calls them to repent, warning that He will come quickly and fight against them with the sword of His mouth (Revelation 2:16).
2:17 The reward is twofold for those who refuse to compromise or tempt others to do so. First, there is hidden manna. Manna was the supernatural food God rained down from heaven to sustain Israel in the wilderness (see Deuteronomy 8:16). This manna is “hidden” in that it is not available to all. It represents exclusive sustenance and kingdom fellowship with God for Christians who reject the way of Balaam (see commentary on 2:12-16).
Second, there is a white stone inscribed with a new name. In the Roman world, a white stone was used as an admission ticket for an event. A white stone with someone’s name on it was a personalized, all-access pass. This image, then, reinforces the idea of exclusive, personal fellowship with God as the conquering Christian’s reward. For the one who rises above being a nominal Christian, Jesus has special benefits. You get invited to the private reception.
To the overcomer, Jesus promises to give some of the hidden manna and a white stone with a new name written on it, which no one knows except the one who receives it (Revelation 2:17). The reward is twofold for those who refuse to compromise or tempt others to do so. First, there is hidden manna. Manna was the supernatural food God rained down from heaven to sustain Israel in the wilderness (see Deuteronomy 8:16). This manna is “hidden” in that it is not available to all. It represents exclusive sustenance and kingdom fellowship with God for Christians who reject the way of Balaam (see commentary on 2:12-16).
Second, there is a white stone inscribed with a new name. In the Roman world, a white stone was used as an admission ticket for an event. A white stone with someone’s name on it was a personalized, all-access pass. This image, then, reinforces the idea of exclusive, personal fellowship with God as the conquering Christian’s reward. For the one who rises above being a nominal Christian, Jesus has special benefits. You get invited to the private reception.
D. Letter to the Church in Thyatira (2:18-29)
2:18-20 The description of Jesus here echoes 1:14-15, where he is positioned as the church’s powerful Judge. The church in Thyatira needed a judge because despite its faithfulness, service, and endurance, it tolerated the sin of a woman referred to as Jezebel (2:19-20). Though perhaps this was her real name, Jezebel also brings to mind the wife of Israel’s King Ahab (see 1 Kings 16:31; 2 Kings 9) and represents an entire category of immoral and idolatrous women. This woman in Thyatira promoted sexual immorality and idolatry (2:20). Christ condemned both her and the church’s tolerance of her.
The church in Thyatira is commended for their love, service, faith, and patience, and that their works are increasing (Revelation 2:19). The description of Jesus here echoes Revelation 1:14-15, where he is positioned as the church’s powerful Judge. The church in Thyatira needed a judge because despite its faithfulness, service, and endurance, it tolerated the sin of a woman referred to as Jezebel (2:19-20).
However, Jesus rebukes them for tolerating "that woman Jezebel, who calls herself a prophetess, to teach and seduce My servants to commit sexual immorality and eat things sacrificed to idols" (Revelation 2:20). Though perhaps this was her real name, Jezebel also brings to mind the wife of Israel’s King Ahab (see 1 Kings 16:31; 2 Kings 9) and represents an entire category of immoral and idolatrous women. This woman in Thyatira promoted sexual immorality and idolatry (2:20). Christ condemned both her and the church’s tolerance of her.
2:21 Though Christ gave her time to repent, she refused. A refusal is different than a struggle. At times, believers fight sins but cannot stop committing them on their own power. Jezebel was unwilling to make any effort.
Jesus states that He gave her time to repent of her sexual immorality, but she did not repent (Revelation 2:21). Though Christ gave her time to repent, she refused. A refusal is different than a struggle. At times, believers fight sins but cannot stop committing them on their own power. Jezebel was unwilling to make any effort.
2:22-25 The affliction described here illustrates that one purpose of repentance is to limit or remove sin’s consequences (2:22). Repentance allows Christians to regain fellowship with the Lord. Those not following the way of Jezebel did not have to worry about the burdens listed. They were to hold on until Christ returned (2:24-25).
He promises to cast her onto a sickbed and bring great tribulation on those who commit adultery with her, unless they repent of their deeds (Revelation 2:22). He will kill her children with death, and all the churches shall know that He is the one who searches minds and hearts, and He will give to each one according to their works (Revelation 2:23). The affliction described here illustrates that one purpose of repentance is to limit or remove sin’s consequences (2:22). Repentance allows Christians to regain fellowship with the Lord. Those not following the way of Jezebel did not have to worry about the burdens listed. They were to hold on until Christ returned (2:24-25).
To those who do not hold to this doctrine, Jesus says He will put on them no other burden but to hold fast what they have till He comes (Revelation 2:24-25).
2:26-27 The reward for obeying Christ is authority over the nations, a reference to the thousand-year reign of Jesus following his second coming. During that time, believers who exhibit purity in this life will help the Lord rule the world. That millennial reign, though, is merely a down payment on eternity.
To the overcomer, Jesus promises authority over the nations, to rule them with a rod of iron, and to dash them to pieces like pottery (Revelation 2:26-27). The reward for obeying Christ is authority over the nations, a reference to the thousand-year reign of Jesus following his second coming. During that time, believers who exhibit purity in this life will help the Lord rule the world. That millennial reign, though, is merely a down payment on eternity.
2:28-29 Jesus himself is the morning star (see 22:16). Thus, the reward for a pure life is a greater experience of Jesus during his millennial reign and for eternity. Naturally, a co-ruler of the universe will have greater access to the King than a common citizen.
He also promises to give them the morning star (Revelation 2:28). Jesus himself is the morning star (see Revelation 22:16). Thus, the reward for a pure life is a greater experience of Jesus during his millennial reign and for eternity. Naturally, a co-ruler of the universe will have greater access to the King than a common citizen.
Each letter concludes with the exhortation, "He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches" (Revelation 2:7, 11, 17, 29). This call to attention emphasizes the importance of listening to and heeding the messages.
These messages to the churches in Revelation 2 serve as both a warning and an encouragement. They remind us of the importance of maintaining our first love for Christ, remaining faithful in the face of persecution, guarding against false teachings, and pursuing holiness in all aspects of our lives. By heeding these messages, we can experience the fullness of God's blessings and inherit the promises made to those who overcome.
Unto the angel of the church of Ephesus write; These things saith he that holdeth the seven stars in his right hand, who walketh in the midst of the seven golden candlesticks;
I know thy works, and thy labour, and thy patience, and how thou canst not bear them which are evil: and thou hast tried them which say they are apostles, and are not, and hast found them liars:
And hast borne, and hast patience, and for my name’s sake hast laboured, and hast not fainted.
Nevertheless I have somewhat against thee, because thou hast left thy first love.
Remember therefore from whence thou art fallen, and repent, and do the first works; or else I will come unto thee quickly, and will remove thy candlestick out of his place, except thou repent.
But this thou hast, that thou hatest the deeds of the Nicolaitans, which I also hate.
He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches; To him that overcometh will I give to eat of the tree of life, which is in the midst of the paradise of God.
And unto the angel of the church in Smyrna write; These things saith the first and the last, which was dead, and is alive;
I know thy works, and tribulation, and poverty, (but thou art rich) and I know the blasphemy of them which say they are Jews, and are not, but are the synagogue of Satan.
Fear none of those things which thou shalt suffer: behold, the devil shall cast some of you into prison, that ye may be tried; and ye shall have tribulation ten days: be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life.
He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches; He that overcometh shall not be hurt of the second death.
And to the angel of the church in Pergamos write; These things saith he which hath the sharp sword with two edges;
I know thy works, and where thou dwellest, even where Satan’s seat is: and thou holdest fast my name, and hast not denied my faith, even in those days wherein Antipas was my faithful martyr, who was slain among you, where Satan dwelleth.
But I have a few things against thee, because thou hast there them that hold the doctrine of Balaam, who taught Balac to cast a stumblingblock before the children of Israel, to eat things sacrificed unto idols, and to commit fornication.
So hast thou also them that hold the doctrine of the Nicolaitans, which thing I hate.
Repent; or else I will come unto thee quickly, and will fight against them with the sword of my mouth.
He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches; To him that overcometh will I give to eat of the hidden manna, and will give him a white stone, and in the stone a new name written, which no man knoweth saving he that receiveth it.
And unto the angel of the church in Thyatira write; These things saith the Son of God, who hath his eyes like unto a flame of fire, and his feet are like fine brass;
I know thy works, and charity, and service, and faith, and thy patience, and thy works; and the last to be more than the first.
Notwithstanding I have a few things against thee, because thou sufferest that woman Jezebel, which calleth herself a prophetess, to teach and to seduce my servants to commit fornication, and to eat things sacrificed unto idols.
And I gave her space to repent of her fornication; and she repented not.
Behold, I will cast her into a bed, and them that commit adultery with her into great tribulation, except they repent of their deeds.
And I will kill her children with death; and all the churches shall know that I am he which searcheth the reins and hearts: and I will give unto every one of you according to your works.
But unto you I say, and unto the rest in Thyatira, as many as have not this doctrine, and which have not known the depths of Satan, as they speak; I will put upon you none other burden.
But that which ye have already hold fast till I come.
And he that overcometh, and keepeth my works unto the end, to him will I give power over the nations:
And he shall rule them with a rod of iron; as the vessels of a potter shall they be broken to shivers: even as I received of my Father.
And I will give him the morning star.
He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches.
Revelation 2 is a pivotal chapter in the Book of Revelation, featuring the first part of Jesus' messages to seven churches in Asia Minor. These messages, dictated to John, offer a unique glimpse into the spiritual state of these early Christian communities. Each church receives a personalized assessment, complete with commendations, criticisms, warnings, and promises. Through these messages, we gain insights into the challenges faced by believers in the first century and learn timeless principles that remain relevant for churches and individual Christians today.
Context: Seven Churches, Seven Messages
Following the introduction in Revelation 1, where John receives his commission from the resurrected Christ to record what he sees and hears, Revelation 2 begins delivering on that commission. The messages are addressed to the "angel" (messenger or pastor) of each church, but their content is intended for the entire congregation. These letters provide a snapshot of the unique circumstances, strengths, and weaknesses of each church. The remaining three churches will be addressed in Revelation 3, and the rest of Revelation will explain future events connected to the ''end times.''
A. Letter to the Church in Ephesus (2:1-7)
2:1 Jesus reminds the pastor (angelos, “messenger”; see 1:20) of the church in Ephesus that he holds pastors in his right hand and walks among churches. Jesus knows what’s going on.
The church in Ephesus, a prominent city in Asia Minor, was known for its dedication to sound doctrine and its tireless efforts. Jesus commends them, saying, "I know your works, your labor, and your patience, and that you cannot bear those who are evil" (Revelation 2:2). They diligently tested those who claimed to be apostles and exposed their falsehoods. The Ephesians also demonstrated perseverance amidst hardships, enduring for Christ's name. They even hated the practices of the Nicolaitans, a sect whose teachings were deemed harmful.
2:2-3 Because of this, he could say, I know your works, your labor, and your endurance. He also knew they did not tolerate evil people (2:2). They tested everything by the Scriptures and rightly found that some so-called apostles did not teach pure doctrine. Moreover, the Ephesian believers persevered amid hardships for the sake of Christ’s name (2:3). There were a lot of positive things happening in this church.
However, despite their commendable qualities, the Ephesian church had a significant flaw: they had abandoned their first love (Revelation 2:4). They had correct doctrine, but not a correct heart. The key word here is first, not love. As with romantic love between a man and a woman, first love always involves passion. Yet there was not passionate pursuit of an intimate relationship with Christ in the church. Their zeal and passion for Christ had waned, and their service had become a matter of duty rather than devotion. They were merely following a program. Duty had replaced devotion.
2:4 But Jesus shifts from patting them on the back to rebuke: You have abandoned the love you had at first.
Jesus calls them to remember from where they have fallen, repent, and return to their first works (Revelation 2:5). The remedy was to remember how it used to be when the church was excited about Jesus and return to that attitude. If they fail to repent, Christ warns that He will remove their lampstand, signifying the loss of their witness and influence. If our church’s activity is about us rather than about Jesus, he’ll remove his presence from it. The Ephesians hated the practices of evil people, but that positive did not outweigh their loss of passion for Christ (2:6). They needed to remember the primacy of relationship over performance, to repent of their spiritual departure, and to repeat prioritizing intimate fellowship with God (see Luke 10:38-42).
2:5-6 The remedy was to remember how it used to be when the church was excited about Jesus and return to that attitude. If the church failed to repent, Christ would remove its lampstand (2:5)—that is, put out its light. If our church’s activity is about us rather than about Jesus, he’ll remove his presence from it. The Ephesians hated the practices of evil people, but that positive did not outweigh their loss of passion for Christ (2:6). They needed to remember the primacy of relationship over performance, to repent of their spiritual departure, and to repeat prioritizing intimate fellowship with God (see Luke 10:38-42).
To those who overcome, Jesus promises to grant them to eat from the tree of life, which is in the midst of the Paradise of God (Revelation 2:7). At the end of each letter, Jesus gets personal, directing his remarks to individuals in the church rather than the church as a collective. In each case, he addresses individual believers with the words “to the one who conquers” (2:7, 11, 17, 26; 3:5, 12, 21). The Greek verb translated as “conquers” is nikaō, and it means to be victorious in the midst of, over, in, or through whatever circumstances are illegitimately holding a believer hostage. In 1 John 5:5 we read, “Who is the one who conquers the world but the one who believes that Jesus is the Son of God?” If by believing in Jesus we are conquerors, then why in these letters to the churches are we still exhorted to conquer? Well, John is addressing the contrast between our legal status (our declared position in Christ) and our experiential reality. We must work out this position of being a conqueror in the experiences of our everyday lives in order to have special intimacy with Christ in the kingdom.
2:7 At the end of each letter, Jesus gets personal, directing his remarks to individuals in the church rather than the church as a collective. In each case, he addresses individual believers with the words “to the one who conquers” (2:7, 11, 17, 26; 3:5, 12, 21). The Greek verb translated as “conquers” is nikaō, and it means to be victorious in the midst of, over, in, or through whatever circumstances are illegitimately holding a believer hostage. In 1 John 5:5 we read, “Who is the one who conquers the world but the one who believes that Jesus is the Son of God?” If by believing in Jesus we are conquerors, then why in these letters to the churches are we still exhorted to conquer? Well, John is addressing the contrast between our legal status (our declared position in Christ) and our experiential reality. We must work out this position of being a conqueror in the experiences of our everyday lives in order to have special intimacy with Christ in the kingdom.
In this message to the Christians at Ephesus, Christ appeals to anyone who has ears, referring to the person who heeds this spiritual principle being articulated. The one who conquers the temptation to push Christ to second place will be granted to eat from the tree of life in the paradise of God. The tree of life was a special tree in the garden of Eden (see Genesis 2:9), and here it represents a special level of intimacy with God in heaven. All believers will go to heaven, but those who do not lose passion for Christ in this life will experience a special place of intimacy with the Lord.
B. Letter to the Church in Smyrna (2:8-11)
2:8-10 Christ acknowledges that the church in Smyrna is a faithful congregation undergoing persecution. Some who claimed to be Jews were actually a synagogue of Satan because they were doing the devil’s work, slandering believers (2:8-9). Christians at Smyrna would be thrown into prison as a test of their faith, and the church would be afflicted (2:10). While such circumstances might make them feel poor, they actually were rich due to the coming reward for their spiritual endurance (2:10). To those who refuse to compromise when faced with persecution, there is no condemnation. That’s why Jesus says nothing negative about this church.
The church in Smyrna faced intense persecution and poverty. Jesus acknowledges their suffering, stating, "I know your works, tribulation, and poverty (but you are rich)" (Revelation 2:9). He reveals that their tribulation would continue, and some would be imprisoned. He identifies their oppressors as those who say they are Jews and are not, but are a synagogue of Satan.
Despite their hardships, Jesus encourages them not to fear what they are about to suffer. He urges them to be faithful until death, promising a crown of life to those who remain steadfast. To those who refuse to compromise when faced with persecution, there is no condemnation. That’s why Jesus says nothing negative about this church.
2:11 To never be harmed by the second death refers to enjoying a sense of full gain when Christ separates believers from unbelievers at the end of history. Because the recipients of this letter were already Christians, they could not be separated from God. Yet at the final judgment, some Christians will experience a sense of loss, despite their eternal salvation, when Jesus rebukes their unfaithfulness (see Matthew 25:28-30; 1 Corinthians 3:15). The faithful at Smyrna, in contrast, would be untouched by any negative consequence on that day.
The promise to the overcomer is that they will not be hurt by the second death (Revelation 2:11), referring to eternal separation from God. To never be harmed by the second death refers to enjoying a sense of full gain when Christ separates believers from unbelievers at the end of history. Because the recipients of this letter were already Christians, they could not be separated from God. Yet at the final judgment, some Christians will experience a sense of loss, despite their eternal salvation, when Jesus rebukes their unfaithfulness (see Matthew 25:28-30; 1 Corinthians 3:15). The faithful at Smyrna, in contrast, would be untouched by any negative consequence on that day.
C. Letter to the Church in Pergamum (2:12-17)
2:12-16 The one who has the sharp, double-edged sword is Jesus speaking the Word of God. The church in Pergamum had some good things going. They were holding on to Jesus’s name and did not deny [their] faith in him (2:12-13). Yet they tolerated those who, like Balaam in the Old Testament, claimed God’s name (see Numbers 22–24) while also enticing his people to compromise (Numbers 25:1; 31:16). It’s a big deal to God when we cause other people to stumble, especially when we do it knowingly and for profit like Balaam (2:14-15). That’s why the Lord demanded that the Christians in Pergamum repent (2:16).
Pergamum, known for its pagan temples and imperial cult, presented a challenging environment for Christians. Jesus acknowledges that they dwell "where Satan's throne is" (Revelation 2:13), praising them for holding fast to His name and not denying their faith, even in the face of martyrdom. The one who has the sharp, double-edged sword is Jesus speaking the Word of God. The church in Pergamum had some good things going. They were holding on to Jesus’s name and did not deny [their] faith in him (2:12-13).
However, Jesus rebukes them for tolerating those who hold to the doctrine of Balaam, who taught Balak to put a stumbling block before the children of Israel, to eat things sacrificed to idols, and to commit sexual immorality (Revelation 2:14). They also tolerated those who held to the doctrine of the Nicolaitans. Yet they tolerated those who, like Balaam in the Old Testament, claimed God’s name (see Numbers 22–24) while also enticing his people to compromise (Numbers 25:1; 31:16). It’s a big deal to God when we cause other people to stumble, especially when we do it knowingly and for profit like Balaam (2:14-15). That’s why the Lord demanded that the Christians in Pergamum repent (2:16).
Jesus calls them to repent, warning that He will come quickly and fight against them with the sword of His mouth (Revelation 2:16).
2:17 The reward is twofold for those who refuse to compromise or tempt others to do so. First, there is hidden manna. Manna was the supernatural food God rained down from heaven to sustain Israel in the wilderness (see Deuteronomy 8:16). This manna is “hidden” in that it is not available to all. It represents exclusive sustenance and kingdom fellowship with God for Christians who reject the way of Balaam (see commentary on 2:12-16).
Second, there is a white stone inscribed with a new name. In the Roman world, a white stone was used as an admission ticket for an event. A white stone with someone’s name on it was a personalized, all-access pass. This image, then, reinforces the idea of exclusive, personal fellowship with God as the conquering Christian’s reward. For the one who rises above being a nominal Christian, Jesus has special benefits. You get invited to the private reception.
To the overcomer, Jesus promises to give some of the hidden manna and a white stone with a new name written on it, which no one knows except the one who receives it (Revelation 2:17). The reward is twofold for those who refuse to compromise or tempt others to do so. First, there is hidden manna. Manna was the supernatural food God rained down from heaven to sustain Israel in the wilderness (see Deuteronomy 8:16). This manna is “hidden” in that it is not available to all. It represents exclusive sustenance and kingdom fellowship with God for Christians who reject the way of Balaam (see commentary on 2:12-16).
Second, there is a white stone inscribed with a new name. In the Roman world, a white stone was used as an admission ticket for an event. A white stone with someone’s name on it was a personalized, all-access pass. This image, then, reinforces the idea of exclusive, personal fellowship with God as the conquering Christian’s reward. For the one who rises above being a nominal Christian, Jesus has special benefits. You get invited to the private reception.
D. Letter to the Church in Thyatira (2:18-29)
2:18-20 The description of Jesus here echoes 1:14-15, where he is positioned as the church’s powerful Judge. The church in Thyatira needed a judge because despite its faithfulness, service, and endurance, it tolerated the sin of a woman referred to as Jezebel (2:19-20). Though perhaps this was her real name, Jezebel also brings to mind the wife of Israel’s King Ahab (see 1 Kings 16:31; 2 Kings 9) and represents an entire category of immoral and idolatrous women. This woman in Thyatira promoted sexual immorality and idolatry (2:20). Christ condemned both her and the church’s tolerance of her.
The church in Thyatira is commended for their love, service, faith, and patience, and that their works are increasing (Revelation 2:19). The description of Jesus here echoes Revelation 1:14-15, where he is positioned as the church’s powerful Judge. The church in Thyatira needed a judge because despite its faithfulness, service, and endurance, it tolerated the sin of a woman referred to as Jezebel (2:19-20).
However, Jesus rebukes them for tolerating "that woman Jezebel, who calls herself a prophetess, to teach and seduce My servants to commit sexual immorality and eat things sacrificed to idols" (Revelation 2:20). Though perhaps this was her real name, Jezebel also brings to mind the wife of Israel’s King Ahab (see 1 Kings 16:31; 2 Kings 9) and represents an entire category of immoral and idolatrous women. This woman in Thyatira promoted sexual immorality and idolatry (2:20). Christ condemned both her and the church’s tolerance of her.
2:21 Though Christ gave her time to repent, she refused. A refusal is different than a struggle. At times, believers fight sins but cannot stop committing them on their own power. Jezebel was unwilling to make any effort.
Jesus states that He gave her time to repent of her sexual immorality, but she did not repent (Revelation 2:21). Though Christ gave her time to repent, she refused. A refusal is different than a struggle. At times, believers fight sins but cannot stop committing them on their own power. Jezebel was unwilling to make any effort.
2:22-25 The affliction described here illustrates that one purpose of repentance is to limit or remove sin’s consequences (2:22). Repentance allows Christians to regain fellowship with the Lord. Those not following the way of Jezebel did not have to worry about the burdens listed. They were to hold on until Christ returned (2:24-25).
He promises to cast her onto a sickbed and bring great tribulation on those who commit adultery with her, unless they repent of their deeds (Revelation 2:22). He will kill her children with death, and all the churches shall know that He is the one who searches minds and hearts, and He will give to each one according to their works (Revelation 2:23). The affliction described here illustrates that one purpose of repentance is to limit or remove sin’s consequences (2:22). Repentance allows Christians to regain fellowship with the Lord. Those not following the way of Jezebel did not have to worry about the burdens listed. They were to hold on until Christ returned (2:24-25).
To those who do not hold to this doctrine, Jesus says He will put on them no other burden but to hold fast what they have till He comes (Revelation 2:24-25).
2:26-27 The reward for obeying Christ is authority over the nations, a reference to the thousand-year reign of Jesus following his second coming. During that time, believers who exhibit purity in this life will help the Lord rule the world. That millennial reign, though, is merely a down payment on eternity.
To the overcomer, Jesus promises authority over the nations, to rule them with a rod of iron, and to dash them to pieces like pottery (Revelation 2:26-27). The reward for obeying Christ is authority over the nations, a reference to the thousand-year reign of Jesus following his second coming. During that time, believers who exhibit purity in this life will help the Lord rule the world. That millennial reign, though, is merely a down payment on eternity.
2:28-29 Jesus himself is the morning star (see 22:16). Thus, the reward for a pure life is a greater experience of Jesus during his millennial reign and for eternity. Naturally, a co-ruler of the universe will have greater access to the King than a common citizen.
He also promises to give them the morning star (Revelation 2:28). Jesus himself is the morning star (see Revelation 22:16). Thus, the reward for a pure life is a greater experience of Jesus during his millennial reign and for eternity. Naturally, a co-ruler of the universe will have greater access to the King than a common citizen.
Each letter concludes with the exhortation, "He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches" (Revelation 2:7, 11, 17, 29). This call to attention emphasizes the importance of listening to and heeding the messages.
These messages to the churches in Revelation 2 serve as both a warning and an encouragement. They remind us of the importance of maintaining our first love for Christ, remaining faithful in the face of persecution, guarding against false teachings, and pursuing holiness in all aspects of our lives. By heeding these messages, we can experience the fullness of God's blessings and inherit the promises made to those who overcome.